POVERTY

ITS EFFECTS ON THB

POLITICAL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE.

BY C. BRADLAUGH.

LONDON:

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ce Political Economy does not itself instruct Low to make a nation rich, but whoever would be qualified to judge of the means of making a nation rich must first be a political economist.'5 — John Stuart Mill.

<c The object of political economy is to secure the means of subsistence of all the inhabitants, to obviate every circumstance which might render this precarious, to provide everything necessary for supplying the wants of society, and to employ the inhabitants so as to make their several in- terests accord with their supplying each other's wants."— Sir James Stewart.

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POVERTY, AND ITS EFFECT ON THE POLITICAL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE.

Otf one occasion in the world's history, a people rose searching for upright life, who had previously, for several generations, depressed by poverty and its attendant hand- maidens of misery, prowled hunger-stricken and disconso- late, stooping and stumbling through the byways of existence. A mighty revolution resulted in much rough justice and some brutal vengeance, much rude right, and some terrific wrong. Amongst the writers who have since narrated the history of this people's struggle, some penmen have been assiduous and hasty to search for, and chronicle the errors, and have even not hesitated to magnify the crimes of the rebels ; while they have been slow to recognise the previous demoralising tendency of the system rebelled against. In this pamphlet it is proposed to very briefly deal with the state of the people in France immediately prior to the grand convulsion which destroyed the Bastile Monarchy, and set a glorious example of the vindication of the rights of man against opposition the most formidable that can be conceived ; believing that even in this slight illustration of the condition of the masses in France who sought to erect on the ruins of arbitrary power the glorious edifice of civil and religious liberty, an answer may be found to the ques- tion— " What is the effect of poverty on the political condi- tion of the people ?"

In taking the instance of France, it is not that the writer for one moment imagines that poverty is a word without meaning in our own lands. The clamming factory hands in the Lancashire valleys, the distressed ribbon weavers of Coventry, and the impoverished labourers in various parts of Ireland and Scotland, would be able to give us a defini- tion of the word fearful in its distinctness. But in England poverty is happily partial, while in France in the eighteenth century poverty was universal outside the palaces of the nobles and the mansions of the church, where luxury, voluptuousness, and effeminacy were regnant. In the seven- teenth and eighteenth centuries travellers in France could learn from " the sadness, the solitude, the miserable poverty, the dismal nakedness of the empty cottages, and the starv- ing, ragged population, how much men could endure with- out dying." On the one side a, discontented, wretched, hungry mass of tax-nroviding slaves, and on the other a

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rapacious, pampered, licentious, spendthrift monarchy. This culminated in the refusal of the labourers to cultivate the fertile soil because the tax-gatherer's rapacity left an insuffi- cient remnant to provide the cultivator with the merest necessaries of life. Then followed "uncultivated fields, un- peopled villages, and houses dropping to decay ;" the great cities — as Paris, Lyons, and Bordeaux — crowded with begging skeletons, frightful m their squalid disease and loathsome aspect. Even after the National Assembly had passed some measures of temporary alleviation, the distress in Paris itself was so great that at the gratuitous distribu- tions of bread " old people have been seen to expire with their hands stretched out to receive the loaf, and women waiting their turn in front of the baker's shop were prema- turely delivered of dead children in the open street." The great mass of the people were as ignorant as they were poor ; were ignorant indeed because they were poor. Igno- rance is the pauper's inalienable heritage. When the struggle is for the means of subsistence, and these are only partially obtained, there is little hope for the luxury of a leisure hour in which other emotions can be cultivated than those of the mere desires for food and rest — sole results of the labourious monotonousness of machine work ; a round of toil and sleep closing in death — the only certain refuge for the worn-out labourer. Without the opportunity afforded by the possession of more than will satisfy the immediate wants, there can be little or no culture of the mental faculties. The toiler, badly paid and ill- fed, is separated from the thinker. Nobly-gifted, highly- cultured though the poet may be, his poesy has no charms for the father to whom one hour's leisure means short food for his hungry children clamouring for bread. The picture gallery, replete with the finest works of our greatest masters, is forbidden ground to the pitman, the ploughman, the poor pariahs to whom the conceptions of the highest art-treasures are impossible. The beauties of nature are almost equally inaccessible to the dwellers in the narrow lanes of great cities. Out of your narrow wynds in Edinburgh and Glasgow, and on to the moor and moun- tain-side, ye poor, and breathe the pure life-renewing breezes. Not so ; the moors are for the sportsmen and peers, not peasants ; and a Scotch Duke — emblem of the worst vices of a corrupt and selfish, but fast-decaying House of Lords — closes miles of heather against the pedestrian's

foot. But even this paltry oppression is unneeded. Duke Despicable is in unholy alliance with King Poverty, who mocks at the poor mother and her wretched, ragged family, when from the garret or cellar in a great Babylon wilder- ness they set out to find green fields and new life Work days are sacred to bread, and clothes, and rent; hunger, in- clement weather, and pressing landlord forbid the study of nature 'twixt Monday morn and Saturday night, and on Sunday God's ministers require to teach a weary people how to die, as if the lesson were not unceasingly inculcated in their incessant toil. Oh! horrid mockery; men need teaching how to live. According to religionists, this world's bitter misery is a dark and certain preface, "just pub- lished," to a volume of eternal happiness, which for 2000 years has been advertised as in the press and ready for publication, but which after all may never appear. And notwithstanding that every-day misery is so very potent, mankind seem to heed it but very little. The second edi- tion of a paper containing the account of a battle in which some 5000 were killed and 10,000 wounded, is eagerly pe- rused, but the battle in which poverty kills and maims hun- dreds of thousands, is allowed to rage without the uplifting of a weapon against the common enemy. " If a war or a pestilence threatens us, every one is excited at the prospect of the misery which may result ; prayers are put up, and every solemn and mournful feeling called forth ; but these evils are to poverty but as a grain of sand in the desert, as the light waves that ruffle a dark sea of despair. Wars come, and go, and perhaps their greatest evils consist in their aggravation of poverty by the high prices they cause ; pestilences last a season and then leave us ; but poverty, the grim tyrant of our race, abides with us through all ages and in all circumstances. For each victim that war and pestilence have slain, for each heart that they have racked with suffering, poverty has slain its millions wrhom it has first condemned to drag out wearily a life of bondage and degradation."

The poor in France were awakened by Rousseau's startling declaration that property was spoliation, they knew they had been spoiled, the logic of the stomach was conclusive, empty bellies and aching brains were the predecessors of a revolution which sought vengeance when justice was denied, but which full-stomached and empty-headed Tories of later days have calumniated and denounced,

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T/arned by the past, ought we not to-day to give battle to that curse of all old countries — poverty? The fearful miseries of want of food and leisure which the poor have to endure are such as to seriously hinder their political enfranchise- ment. Those who desire that men and women shall have the rights of citizens, should be conscious how low the poor are trampled down, and how incapable poverty renders them for the performance of the duties of citizenship. So that the question of political freedom is really determined by the wealth or poverty of the masses ; to this extent, at any rate, that a poverty-stricken people must necessarily, after that state of pauperism has existed for several generations, bo an ignorant and enslaved people.

The problem is, then, how to remove poverty, as it is only by the removal of poverty that the political emancipation of the nation can be rendered possible. It has been ascertained that the average food of the agricultural labourer in Eng- land is about half that allotted by the gaol dietary to sustain criminal life. So that the peasant who builds and guards, his master's haystack gets worse fed and worse lodged than the incendiary convicted for burning it down.

"The rural population of many parts of England are, as. a general rule, half-starved. They have to toil like bond- slaves, with no leisure for amusement, education, or any other blessing which elevates or sweetens human life ; and after all, they have only half enough of the very first essen- tial of life. The working classes in the towns, are also* miserably paid, often half- starved ; and are sweated to death in unhealthy sedentary drudgery, such as tailoring, cotton- spinning, weaving, &c."

How can this poverty be removed and prevented ?

I quote the reply from one who has written most elabo- rately in elucidation of the views of Mai thus and Mill : — " There is but one possible mode of preventing any evil — namely, to seek for and remove its cause. The cause of low wages, or in other words of Poverty, is over-population ; that is, the existence of too many people in proportion to the food, of too many labourers in proportion to the capital. It is of the very first importance, that the attention of all who seek to remove poverty, should never be diverted from this great truth. The disproportion between the numbers and the food is the only real cause of social poverty. Indi- vidual cases of poverty may be produced by individual mis- conduct, such as drunkenness, ignorance, laziness, or disea.se ;

but these and all other accidental influences must be wholly thrown out of the question in considering the permanent cause, and aiming at the prevention of poverty, Drunken- ness and ignorance, moreover, are far more frequently the effect than the cause of poverty. Population and food, like two runners of unequal swiftness chained together, advance side by side ; but the ratio of increase of the former is so immensely superior to that of the latter, that it is neces- sarily greatly checked ; and the checks are of course either more deaths or fewer births — that is, either positive or pre- ventive."

Unless the necessity of the preventive or positive checks to population be perceived ; unless it be clearly seen, that they must operate in one form, if not in another ; and that though individuals may escape them, the race cannot ; human society is a hopeless and insoluble ri Idle.

Quoting John Stuart Mill, the writer from whom the foregoing extracts have been made, proceeds —

" The great object of statesmanship should be to raise the habitual standard of comfort among the working classes, and to bring them into such a position as shows them most clearly that their welfare depends upon themselves. For this purpose he advises that there should be, first, an ex- tended scheme of national emigration, so as to produce a striking and sudden improvement in the condition of the labourers left at home, and raise their standard of comfort ; also that the population truths should be disseminated as widely as possible, so that a powerful public feeling should be awakened among the working classes against undue pro- creation on the part of any individual among them — a feel- ing which could not fail greatly to influence individual con- duct ; and also that we should use every endeavour to get rid of the present system of labour — namely, that of employers and employed, and adopt to a great extent that of indepen- dent or associated industry. His reason for this is, that a hired labourer, who has no personal interest in the work he is engaged in, is generally reckless and without foresight, living from hand to mouth, and exerting little control over his powers of procreation ; whereas the labourer who has a personal stake in his work, and the feeling of independence and self-reliance which the possession of property gives, as, for instance, the peasant proprietor, or member of a co- partnership, has far stronger motives for self-restraint, and can see much more clearly the evil effects of having a large family."

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The end in view in all this is the attainment of a greater amount of happiness for humankind. The rendering life more worth the living, by distributing more equally than at present its love, its beauties, and its charms. In one of his most recent publications, Mr. John Stuart Mill observes that —

" In a world in which there is so much to interest, so much to enjoy, and so much also to correct and improve, every one who has a moderate amount of moral and intel- lectual requisites is capable of an existence which may be called enviable ; and unless such a person, through bad laws, or subjection to the will of others, is denied the liberty to use the sources of happiness within his reach, he will not fail to find this enviable existence, if he escape the positive evils of life, the great sources of physical and mental suffer- ing, such as indigence, disease, and the unkindness, worth- lessness, or premature loss of objects of affection. The main stress of the problem lies, therefore, in the contest with these calamities, from which it is a rare good fortune en- tirely to escape, which, as things now are, cannot be obviated, and often cannot be in any material degree mitigated. Yet no one whose opinion deserves a moment's consideration can doubt that most of the great positive evils of the world are in themselves removable, and will, if human affairs con- tinue to improve, be in the end reduced within narrow limits. Poverty, in any sense implying suffering, may be completely extinguished by the wisdom of society, combined with the good sense and providence of individuals. Even that most intractable of enemies, disease, may be indefinitely reduced in dimensions by good physical and moral educa- tion and proper control of noxious influences, while the pro- gress of science holds out a promise for the future of still more direct conquests over this detestable foe/'

In a former pamphlet — " Jesus, Shelley, and Mai thus " — the reader's attention was entreated to this grave question. In a few pages it is impossible to do more than erect a finger- post to point out a possible road to a given end. To attempt in a narrow compass to give complete details, would be as unwise as it would be unavailing. My desire is rather to provoke discussion amongst the masses than to obtain will- ing auditors amongst the few, and I affirm it, therefore, as a proposition which I am prepared to support — "That the political condition of the people can never be permanently reformed until the cause of poverty has been discovered and the evil itself prevented and removed."